Archive for month: June, 2019

On which issue are the stage theories of Erikson and Piaget in agreement?

A.whether all people reach the highest stages.

B.whether the stages represent hierarchic integrations.

C.whether biological maturation is a powerful force.

D.whether the stages are qualitatively different

Erikson’s stages, compared to Piaget’s stages, are:

A.more universal.

B.more difficult to attain.

C.more maturationally governed.

D.all of the above.

In therapy with severely disturbed children, one of Mahler’s most common goals was:

A.to promote a more pleasurable symbiosis.

B.to increase the infant’s independence.

C.to overcome internal object constancy.

D.to teach the child essential social skills.

According to the text, the most significant criticism of Mahler’s theory has to do with:

A.the phase of normal autism.

B.the phase of normal symbiosis.

C.the neglect of fathers’ role in development.

D.the absence of statistic data.

Mahler’s concept of object constancy:

A.has little to do with Piaget’s concept.

B.means overcoming the world of make-believe.

C.is a prerequisite to basic trust.

D.is an internal image of the mother.

The text criticizes Bettelheim for:

A.lack of clarity on the concept of autonomy.

B.encouraging too much unsocial behavior.

C.not providing statistical reports beyond his impressions.

D.failing to recognize the importance of behavioral approaches

According to the text, research suggests childhood amnesia:

A.really exists.

B.isn’t well-documented.

C.is valid prior to the age of 2 years.

D.is still just a tentative hypothesis.

Compared to most developmental psychologists, Schachtel was:

A.maturational.

B.environmental.

C.cognitive.

D.phenomenological.

Jung believed that depression in mid-life is basically:

A.a natural part of development.

B.due to social failure.

C.self-punishment.

D.the work of the animus principle.

According to Jung, what is not true of archetypes?

A.they are basically unknowable.

B.they are universal tendencies in all of us.

C.they include the Self.

D.they reside in the personal unconscious.

In Jung’s view,

A.development in the first half of life is naturally one-sided.

B.adults should get beyond the Self.

C.people should remain youthful as they grow older.

D.images of the afterlife interfere with individuation.

Children’s early negatives suggest that:

A.child language is different from adult language.

B.language acquisition matures at an incredible speed.

C.the principle of structure dependence is indeed valid.

D.all of the above.

One of Chomsky’s basic disagreements with Piaget concerns the extent to which language:

A.involves symbols.

B.is spontaneously created by the child.

C.is a specialized activity.

D.possesses universal properties.

Which research has most seriously challenged Chomsky?

A.parents’ simplified speech to young children.

B.parental feedback to children’s errors.

C.studies of pidgins and creoles.

D.research on operant conditioning.

Chomsky’s position differs from that of:

A.Piaget on the extent of genetic control.

B.Bandura on the influence of models.

C.Werner on the specialized nature of language.

D.All of the above

Who among the following sees no value in regression to childlike thinking?

A.Werner.

B.Kohlberg.

C.Maslow.

D.some psychoanalysts.

Maslow’s phenomenological bent places him closest to:

A.Piaget.

B.Schachtel.

C.Gesell.

D.Rousseau.

The text says that individual differences in children’s abilities:

A.has been a focus of the developmentalist tradition.

B.has not been a focus of the developmentalist tradition.

C.is found in the work of Maslow and many of his followers.

D.characterizes many but not all in the developmentalist tradition

In the Epilogue, the author’s discussion of difficult instruction:

A.draws on the ideas of Werner.

B.draws on the ideas of Rousseau.

C.suggests how we can raise the bar.

D.suggests more time is needed in outdoor nature.

In the Epilogue, the author’s main objection to standardized testing centers on:

A.lack of preparation time.

B.the effects on love of learning.

C.well-documented test biases.

D.time away from nature studies.

Must we go through all the stages in Erikson’s theory? In Piaget’s theory? Explain

How is the therapeutic approach of Bettelheim to autistic children similar to the child-rearing philosophy of Gesell?

If Rousseau were alive, how highly would he regard Schachtel’s work? Explain.

a) Contrast the positions of Bandura and Chomsky on how children develop language. b) How does either evidence on “motherese” OR on creoles bear on this debate?

Briefly describe a basic similarity between the views of Maslow and 3 of the following theorists:

a. Rousseau

b. Gesell

c. Piaget

d. Schachtel

e. Jung

f. Werner

Today’s standards movement implores all of us to do a better job of preparing children for the future. What does Crain, the textbook author, say about this goal?

***Each response needs to be ½ page or more***

RESPONSE 1

Respond to two colleagues and explain how their assessments support the NASW Code of Ethics (2008). Include two values and/or guiding principles to support your explanation.

Colleague 1: Gradnette

Magda is an 81-year-old widow, she lives 30 minutes away from her son, John and her daughter-in-law, Helen. Six months ago, Magda appeared to be self-sufficient which means she was able to take care of her daily needs without the support of others. Recently, she experienced an incident where she fell and broke her hip. During her incident a tragic discovery was found that she had early signs of dementia. Since the incident Magda has been unable to care and provide for herself. She has had several caretakers; a church member of her son and daughter-in-law, Helen, and her grandson, Alec. Her daughter-in- law, Helen is the lead caretaker which means she takes on majority of the responsibility for caring after Magda. Outside of Helen, her son Alec insisted on helping her take on the responsibility for caring after Magda. Instead of properly caring for Magda, he causes her health to worsen as he misused her medication, robs her during several occasions, and leaves her unattended for a long period of time. After the incident; Helen had to go in to help Magda recuperate from the damage caused by Alec careless motives. As of now Magda only income is the support she receives from John and Helen. There have not been any signs of injuries to report from Alec living with Magda. It appears as Magda is aware of her surroundings and as of now Helen is her only care taker.

The original assessment involving Helen and Magda.

The original assessment will consist of implementing a two month; twice a week family counseling session involving Helen and Magda. During the first session; I will have each participant state their feelings towards one another. Afterwards, I will have Helen state her thoughts towards caring for Magda. Once she gets done, I will have Magda discuss her feelings and thoughts towards Helen being her care provider. After hearing and documenting all discussion; I will next put in place a treatment plan whereas Helen responsibility for caring for Magda can be convenience. During the treatment plan; I will educate Helen on the responsibilities of caring for elderly. I will also recommend her to take some educational courses which will further educate her on caring for Magda along with the funding available. Next, I will educate Magda on the guidelines, responsibilities, and anxieties of a caregiver. I will also educate Magda on several agencies which provides support with medication and proper care. Afterwards, I will ask for Magda’s consent to conduct further research to see if she is eligible to receive senior assistance; if so, I will refer her to a home care agency. Overall, her compliance to this treatment plan will help take the burden and stress off Helen and the family.

Questions I will Ask Magda:

1. How would you consider your overall physical well-being and health?

2. How much social support you receive from your family? Do your family fulfills your needs when you need someone to talk to or transportation?

3. How often do you receive support from outsiders and family members when they visit you in your home?

4. How are you able to perform everyday activities? Do you need any support to fulfill your everyday activities?

5. Are you able to move around within your home and community without supervision?

6. Can you complete your own house chores, prepare your own meals, and complete your own laundry?

7. Are you able to take care of your own appearance without the support of others?

8. How often do you take your medication? How many different kinds of medication do you take? What are the names of your prescribed medication?

Reference

Christ, G., & Diwan, S (2008). Chronic Illness and aging: The role of social work in managing chronic illness care. Council on social work education. Retrieved from: www.cswe.org/getattachment/Centers-Initiative/CSWE-Gero-Ed-Center/Teaching-Tools/Gero-Competencies/Practice-Guides/Assignments-Measurements/CI-Sec-Role-SW.pdf.aspx

Plummer, S.B. Makris, S., & Brocksen, S.M.(Eds), (2014a). Sessions: case histories, Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader] The Petrakis Family(pp.20-22)

Colleague 2: Chelsie

An assessment was completed on 81 year old Magda Petrakis after concern was expressed by Helen Petrakis (Magda’s daughter in-law) regarding Magda’s health and well-being.To conduct the assessment, 7 different domains by Grace Christ & Sadhna Diwan (2008) were analyzed regarding Magda’s life including; 1)Physical well-being and health 2) Psychological well-being and health, 3)Cognitive capacity 4)Ability to perform various activities of daily living 5)Social functioning 6)Physical environment and 7)Assessment of family caregivers.

When assessing Magda from the first domain, Magda overall is a fairly healthy woman for her age. However, Magda is at an increased risk for falling due to the lost of stability that occurs with increased age. Because of this, Magda recently encountered an event in which she fell and broke her hip, causing her health to begin deteriorating. While assessing Magda from the second domain of psychological health, it was apparent that her physical health and mental health co-existed. According to Paveza (2013), assessing the mental health of an elder individual is often the most important step during the assessment process because the social worker needs to be cautious that the information they are receiving is accurate. In Magda’s case, as a result of her fall, Magda begins experiencing early onset of dementia which has caused her to lose most self-sufficiency. During the assessment process, it was apparent that Magda’s cognitive capacity and ability to perform basic ADL’s was severely impacted by her dementia. Magda is now unable to comprehend how to pay her bills, cook her own meals, or even keep her medications in track. Magda does not have much social interaction due to being confined to her home most of the day but does speak with her caregivers daily which include her daughter-in-law, grandson, and a woman from church. It is apparent from the assessment that caring for Magda is taking a toll on her caregivers as Magda’s daughter-in-law has expressed a large amount of stress. Magda’s grandson has also been stealing money and medications from Magda.

To include Magda in the assessment, I would ask Helen to bring Magda to a session with her. Because Magda is only experiencing early signs of dementia, she is most likely still able to answer questions regarding her health and well-being. If Magda was unable to present to the meeting, I would ask Magda if I could make a home visit where I would be better able to assess the situation. I would work closely with Magda to develop a safety plan to follow for when caregivers were not present and would work with Magda to look into assisted living facilities.

During the assessment, to gain further insight into Magda’s current situation, there certain questions that would be important to ask. I would ask Magda questions such as “what care do you feel you need? Are you satisfied with the care you currently receive? What activities are you able to do without assistance? Have you thought about the idea of an assisted care facility? What activities do you engage in to keep your brain thinking?” I would also ask questions to Magda’s doctors such as “What is the severity of Magda’s dementia? Are there activities that can slow the progress of Magda’s dementia?

Christ, G., & Diwan, S (2008). Chronic Illness and aging: The role of social work in managing chronic illness care. Council on social work education. Retrieved from: www.cswe.org/getattachment/Centers-Initiative/CSWE-Gero-Ed-Center/Teaching-Tools/Gero-Competencies/Practice-Guides/Assignments-Measurements/CI-Sec-Role-SW.pdf.aspx

Paveza, G.J. (2013), Assesment of the elderly. In M.J. Holosko, C.N. Dulmus, & K.M. Sowers (Eds), Social Work Practice with Individuals and Families: Evidence-informed assessments and interventions. (pp177-195). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

Plummer, S.B. Makris, S., & Brocksen, S.M.(Eds), (2014a). Sessions: case histories, Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader] The Petrakis Family(pp.20-22)

RESPONSE 2

Respond to at least two colleagues by suggesting alternative strategies on a micro, mezzo or macro level.

Colleague 1: Christine

The quality of life for older individuals who are experiencing elder abuse largely decreases the quality of life in many areas. Typically, this can been seen in multiple ways as functional and financial status decline, limited self-reported health is evident, and possibly feelings of hopelessness and loneliness increase in regard to psychological distress. Research also suggests that older individuals that are abused tend to die earlier than those that have not been abused. With limit reports from individuals that are experiencing elder abuse it is difficult to weigh in how one is experiencing abuse. With consideration to this, there is no single pattern of abuse proving that there is a cycle of long-standing patterns to violent/physical abuse, and emotional/financial abuse within families and nursing homes.

While performing assessments with someone that is suspected of elder abuse there are several attempts to secure accuracy in reported or non-reported cases. There are many signs/and or symptoms to be aware of as a service provider, for which these should prompt further investigation to determine and remedy the cause. Service providers working with someone experiencing elder abuse can approach assessment with the following cues:

1) Perform assessments while inquiry about risk factors. 2) Using effective tools to do this such as the Elder Abuse Suspicion Index. Which was developed to raise awareness to a level to which it may assist in further investigation. 3) Screen for cognitive impairment. 4) Understanding medical concerns and medications that individual is currently taking to know the difference and comparison of similar traits. 5) While performing assessments and screening; know that these should be separate from the caregiver (possible suspected abuser) and the person that is being abused. 6) Identifying your client for specific patterns of injury.

Other factors to consider while performing assessments will weigh in the symptoms of: physical abuse such as; bruises, repeated unexplained injuries, dismissive behavior about injuries, and refusal to seek medical attention. Verbal and emotional symptoms can play a large role here while assessing the lack of social connections, the observation of isolation, and the lack of communication with outside resources. Sexual abuse can also go undetected as someone will experience bruising or an increase in diseases. The list of these symptoms can also weigh in on care that is received in nursing homes. Financial exploitation is also something to look at while inquiring about bank accounts and financial assets.

Interventions toward elder abuse can happen on all levels to address. prevent, or stop abuse within the elderly. As the rights of of individuals must be guaranteed everywhere ending and creating possible solutions among the general public as well as authorities are needed. This can be approached with care toward programming while creating training opportunities for added caregivers within institutions. Setting up community programming that will open up social interactions and increase the level of participation. Building social networks for the elderly within housing units, and creating more programming toward self help options. On another level, supporting the abuser can go a long way while connecting one to mental health resources, providing more jobs and education, and creating new ways caregivers can resolve conflict. On a larger perspective (macro) institutions can provide policies and programming that can address work related stress, develop comprehensive work plans to hold employee accountable, while also improving the social and physical environment of the institution.

Robert M. Hoover MD, University of Tennessee Health and Science Center College of Medicine, Detecting Elder Abuse and Neglect: Assessment and Intervention, American Family Physician, (2014, March 15) (pp. 453-460)

Colleague 2: Chelsie

Unfortunately, elder abuse is a phenomena that will continue to increase as the elder population gets larger. According to an article by Minhong Lee (2008), the causes of elder abuse are in close relation to the stress experienced by caregivers. Other factors also include “socioeconomic status, cognitive problem’s, and difficulty with ADL’s (activities of daily living)” (p. 708). Elder abuse is also most likely to occur when the caregiver see’s the task as a burden.From the study conducted by Lee (2008), he also found that physical and cognitive abilities impacted the rate at which abuse occurred. For example, an elder individual that suffers from severe physical impairments is less likely to be abused compared to an individual that experiences cognitive impairments.

The article by Lee (2008) reinforces the importance of assessing potential abuse and neglect among the elderly because it discusses the need for more psychosocial support services for elders. According to the study by Lee (2008), elder abuse decreased significantly when the caregiver had other social support such as groups and classes on family care giving. It is suggested by Lee (2008) for caregivers to attend support groups to “share their care management skills and effective coping mechanisms to reduce elder abuse” (p.711). The article addresses elder abuse from a different perspective by not focusing on the elders themselves, by the mental health of the caregivers. If the cognitive health of caregivers is addressed and stress can be reduced, their will most likely be a reduction in elder abuse.

When working directly with an elderly individual, I would want to assess their physical and mental capacity to gain an understanding of what level of care they need. For example, is the client able to still participate in most ADL’s? Is the client mental cognizant or does the client suffer from dementia? Is the client able-bodied or do they need assistance to move around? The physical and cognitive abilities of the client is important, as described in the article by Lee (2008) because elders are most likely to be abused when they suffer from cognitive disability. From the assessment I would then determine if the client would be best served in their home setting or at an assisted living facility and the hours of assistance needed on a weekly basis. If a client needed assistance for multiple hours a week, I would want to assure the caregiver was someone that was compassionate, had good coping skills, and a good support system.

From a mezzo perspective I would work to prevent elder abuse by assuring that care coordination was occurring. Care coordination, as described by Christ & Diwan (2008), is the “deliberate organization of patient care activities between two or more participants (including the patient)” (p. 10). Care coordination is important in prevention of elder abuse because it takes the stress off of one individual and distributes the work load evenly. According to Paveza (2013) it is also important to assess the rate of satisfaction caregivers experience. A caregiver that is highly satisfied working with elder patients is less likely to commit elder abuse compared to a caregiver that is just doing to job for money.

Lastly, on the macro level to prevent elder abuse it is important that organizations provide care for their employees. Employees at assisted care facilities should have weekly meetings with their supervisor to discuss any concerns or stress related issues, residents of the facilities should also be asked on a weekly basis regarding the care they are receiving. Staying up-to-date and aware of the treatment of patients in the facility can reduce the chance of elder abuse because employees are less likely to commit the act if they know they are being closely watched.

Christ, G., & Diwan, S (2008). Chronic Illness and aging: The role of social work in managing chronic illness care. Council on social work education. Retrieved from: www.cswe.org/getattachment/Centers-Initiative/CSWE-Gero-Ed-Center/Teaching-Tools/Gero-Competencies/Practice-Guides/Assignments-Measurements/CI-Sec-Role-SW.pdf.aspx

Lee, M. (2008). Caregiver Stress and Elder Abuse among Korean Family Caregivers of Older Adults with Disabilities. Journal of Family Violence,23(8), 707-712. doi:10.1007/s10896-008-9195-2

Paveza, G.J. (2013), Assesment of the elderly. In M.J. Holosko, C.N. Dulmus, & K.M. Sowers (Eds), Social Work Practice with Individuals and Families: Evidence-informed assessments and interventions. (pp177-195). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

Question

Question 1

Dr. Jakel is a psychologist who studies basic topics in psychology, such as learning, memory, sensation, and perception. Dr. Jakel’s area of specialization is:

A. biological

B. experimental

C. personality

D. clinical

Question 2

Joanna has suffered a series of personal setbacks, including the death of a family member, academic problems in college, and a divorce. She feels so sad, upset, and lonely that she is contemplating suicide. Joanna could probably best be helped by a(n) _____ psychologist.

A. experimental

B. clinical

C. industrial/organizational

D. educational

Question 3

Dr. Lopez assesses the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of his new test measuring the ability to cope with stress. He is checking the _____ of his new test.

A. reliability

B. validity

C. norms

D. variability

Question 4

Which statement best characterizes the evolutionary perspective of psychology?

A. Human behavior is best understood in terms of the individual capacity for growth, free will, and self-direction.

B. To fully understand human behavior, you must understand how behavior varies among different cultures.

C. A given psychological process exists in the form it does because the process solved a specific problem of individual survival or reproduction that repeatedly occurred over the course of human history.

D. As medical and technological advances have evolved, the biological basis of behavior should be the primary focus of contemporary psychology

Question 5

Researchers interested in how sleep deprivation affected performance, randomly assigned participants to groups that had one, two, or three nights of sleep deprivation. They then tested their reaction times on a standard motor reaction task. The dependent variable in this experiment was:

A. the amount of sleep deprivation each group was subjected to.

B. how much sleep each group needed following the sleep deprivation experiment.

C. the reaction times of the three groups on the standard motor reaction task.

D. how often the participants fell asleep during the sleep deprivation phase of theexperiment

Question 6

Your instructor notices that in many of his classes, the longer he lectures, the more student yawns he sees. This represents:

A. a positive correlation.

B. a negative correlation.

C. a cause-and-effect relationship.

D. scientific proof that yawning is contagious

Question 7

After collecting her data and performing a number of statistical analyses, Jana noticed that the standard deviation was very large. This indicates that:

A. there was a relatively large number of scores in the distribution

B. the distribution was positively skewed.

C. the scores were clustered around the mean and were not spread out.

D. the scores had a great deal of variability and were not clustered around the mean.

Question 8

In Howard Gardner’s theory, distinct forms of intelligence include:

A. verbal comprehension, numerical ability, perceptual speed, and reasoning.

B. linguistic, creative, musical, scientific-mathematical, performance, intellectual, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligence.

C. linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist intelligence.

D. analytic, creative, and practical intelligence

Question 9

The development of medications that helped control the symptoms of severe psychological disorders and development of techniques to study the human brain contributed to the importance of _____ psychology in recent decades.

A. industrial/organizational

B. cognitive

C. humanistic

D. biological

Question 10

Scores on tests of individual differences, including intelligence test scores, often follow a pattern in which most scores are in the average range with fewer scores in the extremely high or extremely low range. What is this pattern of distribution of scores called?

A. the normal curve or normal distribution

B. the reliability distribution

C. the variability distribution

D. the standard distribution

Question 11

Jonathan is a very bright 10-year-old with a mental age of 12. If tested on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, his IQ score would most likely be:

A. 100

B. 83

C. 120

D. 160

Question 12

According to Professor Zarkov’s correlational data, there is a statistically significant relationship between the socioeconomic level of a family and how much time the parents spend talking to their children. To say that the results of this study are “statistically significant” means that:

A. there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables.

B. the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance.

C. the finding has no mathematical validity.

D. the finding can be used to generate new theories.

Question 13

Approximately two-thirds (68 percent) of all scores on the WAIS fall between _____ and _____, a range that is considered to indicate normal or average intelligence.

A. 100;150

B. 50; 150

C. 85; 115

D. 60; 130

Question 14

Fifty students took the midterm exam in Dr. Axelrod’s class. In order to get some idea of the most “typical” score, Dr. Axelrod added up all the scores and divided the sum by 50. The product of this calculation is called the:

A. median.

B. standard deviation.

C. mean.

D. range

Question 15

Psychologists who counsel students, perform assessments, and who help teachers, school administrators, and parents understand how children learn and develop are known as _____ psychologists.

A. school

B. experimental

C. personality

D. cognitive

Question 16

Why do researchers try to avoid being detected by their subjects when engaged in naturalistic observations?

A. The researchers themselves could be considered to be a dependent variable that affects the results of the study.

B. Naturally occurring behavior patterns might not occur if the subjects become aware that they are being observed.

C. It is unethical to engage in any kind of research, even naturalistic observation, unless there is prior permission by the subjects.

D. Subjects may continue to act naturally with the researchers, but the researchers may not act like researchers once they begin to interact with the subjects

Question 17

Which of the following best represents psychology’s basic goals?

A. investigate and treat mental illness

B. describe, explain, predict, and influence (or change) behavior

C. listen to, counsel, and console people with problems

D. apply the findings of animal research to abnormal behavior

Question 18

Researchers at the Allied Mental Health Center are conducting a study to determine how quickly symptoms of depression are reduced by different forms of psychotherapy. What is the independent variable in this study?

A. change in the symptoms of depression

B. method used to recruit participants for the study

C. form of psychotherapy used to treat depression

D. cost of the study

Question 19

Lynn has just received a research grant to study the effect of downsizing on morale at a large computer company. Lynn is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.

A. cross-cultural

B. biological

C. industrial/organizational

D. personality

Question 20

The research method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called the:

A. descriptive method.

B. correlational method.

C. experimental method.

D. meta-analytic method

Question 21

Humanistic psychology emphasized:

A. the active role played by mental processes in organizing sensations into meaningful perceptions.

B. the experimental study of overt, observable behaviors.

C. unconscious determinants of personality and behavior.

D. free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential

Question 22

A correlation coefficient is:

A. numerical indicator of the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors.

B. independent variable that is used in a correlational study.

C. numerical indicator of the statistical significance of the findings in a particular research study.

D. index of the practical rather than the statistical significance of research findings

Question 23

In survey research, the term sample refers to a(n):

A. preliminary questionnaire that is used to develop the final survey

B. carefully selected segment of the larger group that is to be studied

C. small pilot study that is later repeated using a larger group of participants

D. example of a completed questionnaire, which is mailed to survey

Question 24

In Dr. Foster’s study, one group is given a new medication that is believed to reduce anxiety. Another group is given a medication that looks like the real medication but it has none of the active ingredients in it to affect anxiety. In this experiment, the experimental group is the:

A. group that receives the new medication.

B. group that receives the medication without the active ingredients.

C. anxiety group.

D. group without anxiety

Question 25

A researcher sets out to test the following statement: “Adolescents are more likely to start smoking if one or both of their parents smoke.” This statement is an example of:

A. a theory.

B. an operational definition.

C. a hypothesis.

D. experimenter bias

Question 26

Dr. Harmon wants to study the conditions under which some children are rejected by their peers. Daily, from the beginning of a school year, she carefully observes and records the behavior of kindergartners, first-graders, and second-graders in the classroom and on the playground. Dr. Harmon is using:

A. a survey.

B. naturalistic observation.

C. a case study.

D. the experimental method

Question 27

Which area of psychology is most interested in examining individual differences and the characteristics that make each person unique?

A. educational psychology

B. social psychology

C. cross-cultural psychology

D. personality psychology

Question 28

Of the following correlation coefficients, which represents the strongest relationship between two factors?

A.-.85

B. .01

C. .50

S. .80

Question 29

In order to find out if her new abstract reasoning test is good at measuring what it was designed to measure, Dr. Marshall compares the scores on her test with the scores and grades of college students enrolled in courses that involve abstract reasoning. In this instance, Dr. Marshall is in the process of:

A. establishing the test’s reliability.

B. establishing the test’s validity.

C. standardizing the test.

D. Establishing the test’s variability

Question 30

The _____ perspective of psychology emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences and early life experiences in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior.

A. cognitive

B. biological

C. humanistic

D. psychodynamic

Question 31

Dr. Macmillan has designed a test to measure mathematical ability in college graduates. In order to establish a norm against which individual scores may be interpreted and compared, she is presently administering the test to a large representative sample of college graduates. Dr. Macmillan is in the process of:

A. establishing the test’s validity.

B. establishing the test’s reliability.

C. standardizing the test.

D. establishing the test’s representation

Question 32

Dr. Woods is studying the degree to which primates seem to display logic and insight in figuring out a variety of puzzles and other simple problems. Dr. Woods is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.

A. industrial/organizational

B. clinical

C. forensic

D. cognitive

Question 33

Ramon has organized his data into both a frequency distribution and a polygon. Now he wants to summarize the data with a single number that provides information about the “typical” score, or the “center” of the distribution. Ramon would be advised to use:

A. a measure of central tendency.

B. an inferential statistic, called thet-test.

C. the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique.

D. a correlation coefficient.

Question 34

While conducting research on intelligence, the experimenters were very careful to control for unwanted variability in such factors as age, gender, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and so on. They did this in order to avoid or minimize the influence of:

A. extraneous or confounding variables.

B. dependent or outcome variables.

C. demand characteristics.

D. practice effects

Question 35

The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on:

A. the important role of mental processes in how people process information, developlanguage, solve problems, and think.

B. how overt behavior is acquired and modified by environmental influences.

C. the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries.

D. the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonalrelationships on a person’s self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction instriving to reach one’s potential

Question 36

Behaviorism was characterized by:

A. the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus upon observable behavior.

B. a narrow focus upon consciousness and conscious experience.

C. a focus upon the importance of free will, self-determination, and psychological growth.

D. an emphasis upon the unconscious determinants of personality.

Question 37

A representative sample is a:

A. group of participants that closely parallels the larger group to be studied on all relevant characteristics, such as age, sex, and race.

B. sample questionnaire that represents the most likely set of survey responses.

C. small group of volunteers who try to predict the survey results.

D. list of all the possible questions that might be represented on the final survey.

Question 38

Tyler wants to know how much the scores in his data differ from each other and whether the scores are widely spread out. Tyler would be well advised to use:

A. a measure of central tendency.

B. the correlation coefficient.

C. a measure of variability.

D. the analysis of variance technique (ANOVA)

Question 39

Under the American Psychological Association’s ethical code for psychologists, psychological researchers:

A. must respect the dignity and welfare of the research participants.

B. must consult each participant’s family doctor.

C. are never allowed to deceive research participants.

D. can identify research participants by name, but only in professional journals.

Question 40

In an experiment investigating the hypothesis that aerobic exercise improves concentration and memory, all the participants had an equal chance of being assigned to any of the three conditions in the study. The researchers have used _____ to minimize the possibility of bias when assigning participants to the different groups.

the practice effect

random assignment

the single-blind technique

the double-blind technique

Discussion Rogerian Therapy

Similar to Freud, Carl Rogers developed his theory from his extensive work with his patients. However, unlike Freud, he believed that people are typically healthy; being mentally healthy is the normal state. Although there are unhealthy people, they are not the norm or what one has to accept and live with throughout one’s life. Furthermore, Rogers believed that each person has one primary motivation—to realize his/her full potential or to be self-actualized. Finally, he posited that neurosis stems from incongruence between one’s real self and one’s ideal self. He applied this to his theory of counseling in the development of three therapeutic criteria that he felt were both necessary and sufficient to help the patient. These three qualities are now the foundation for modern person-centered therapy.

The three qualities that form the foundation of Rogerian therapy are empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard. These will be relatively easy to express for people you naturally like but can be difficult to express for people whom you do not like nor agree with.

Imagine that you are a psychologist working with a population of individuals that tend to be more difficult to work with, such as sex offenders, elderly patients with dementia, or mentally challenged children. Use the Internet, Argosy University library resources, and your textbook to research the concepts of Rogerian therapy and respond to the following questions:

Realistically, do you think it is possible to be congruent and to extend empathy and unconditional positive regard to these clients in a psychotherapeutic context? Why or why not?
How do you think clinicians practicing Rogerian therapy would approach these concepts for these clients?
How might Rogerian therapy be a helpful strategy for these clients?
Is it possible these concepts of Rogerian therapy could hinder treatment?

Write your initial response in 4–5 paragraphs. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.

RESPOND TO:

Realistically I do not think that it is possible to be congruent and to be able to extend empathy as well as unconditional positive regard to these types of clients in a psychotherapeutic context. I state this, because there needs to be trust and understanding between both the client and the counselor. If the sex offender does not want or believe that he/she needs counseling, he/she is least likely to admit the need to be there, and display low regard to the counselor for making them sit through a session. If we are dealing with a client that does not want the therapy of their own free will, they are not likely to express themselves at a normal level, and the contact will be impersonal, and the information superficial (Gazzola, 1997). For an elderly client with dementia, he/she may want to be there, but without the ability to hold and maintain information from one session to another; how likely would they be in believing what their therapist is telling them? They would not remember how they felt towards their therapist and if the trust was established or not. Each session would be a work in progress in laying the ground work for trust. The chance to reach a deeper understanding does not seem likely. Then depending on how mentally challenged the child is how likely are they to hold a child’s attention? Most “normal” children come across as having a difficult time in being patient. If the mentally ill child does not want to viewed a specific way and the therapist thinks that there are showing the correct type of empathy; then the child could be offended. The therapist could misinterpret what it is that the child is trying to tell them.

Since each client is different and no two cases are the same, it would depend on how far into their therapy sessions each client has received in their stages. Saying that the trust was built between the counselor and the sex offender, it is best that the counselor try to think in the mind of the client. How are they feeling? In what ways would he/she react in a positive light to change a part of their situation? The counselor wants to make sure to interpret the information correctly and therefore, if the client has expressed guilt in sexually assaulting a child, then they have an understanding and can work based on that guilt. This would be the ground work for their sessions.

For the elderly patient with dementia it would help the therapist to be empathic toward his/her situation. This would help the counselor ease the client’s discomfort and allow him/her to open up in each session. The most important thing counselors have to remember, is to not judge and also not relay their feelings or emotions onto the client. Studies have shown that when a client is comfortable in their surroundings, as well as with the therapist, that they are more likely to open up about their problems and work together to try and “solve the issue at hand (Smith, 1963).

For the mentally ill child, it would be useful to show congruence and be a real, genuine person. This would show the child that you care about what he/she might be feeling and are being honest in their expressions (Feist, 2008). At the same time, it would be useful to show unconditional positive regard toward the child, because this will help elicit “a warm and positive attitude toward the client” (Feist, 323). This would also allow the relationship to grow, and allow for psychological growth to occur (Feist, 323).

It is possible that Rogerian Therapy could hinder treatment among clients, because no therapy is one hundred percent effective. This is one of the reasons why we explore so many different methods of treatment for clients in school, because certain aspects of one treatment may work well together for a particular client, while another coupling of treatments might work best for another client. It depends on the case by case basis, and I already mentioned before no two clients are going to experience a situation in the exact same way. The world does not work that way, and everyone is unique. There is no simple cookie cutter routine for every situation, and each theorist has their own ideas for how psychological growth can occur.

RESPOND TO:

In the cases all of these cases of sex offenders, dementia patients, and other mentally ill that are difficult to deal with it is entirely possible to have positive regard and empathy for them. To put on in one’s shoes is the concept of empathy, emotionally being able to relate. Being able to relate to a sex offender my be the most difficult, but according to roger’s the incongruence to one’s sense of self can lead these people to feel they must sex offend. That their stages of development as children was somehow distorted and the balance of their self and what the self is supposed to be is some how skewed.

Therapist in the Rogeran theory would approach their therapy techniques with empathy and unconditional positive regard. What this means is that their emotional output is genuine and their positive regard for their health and

success is also organic. With someone who is not genuine in their approach will turn off a client with a quickness and the focus and work put forth to their mental health will be wasted because the client wont be able to feel they can truly convey their emotions and feeling s to the therapist.

I feel Rogerian therapy is very helpful for these patients because his approach to therapy is very down to earth, he sees patients as human being s that have genuine need for acceptance and recognition, and he sees them as people with potential and not just neurotic or psychotic. His approach speaks form a stand point that therapist have to be genuine in their practice and the patient has to feel that and then the client-patient relationship can develop and once that develops, the progress of the patient’s self-actualization can develop. Congruence in therapy include awareness, feeling, and expression when incongruence occurs, the awareness and feeling is stifled and the expression is hard to express for lack of positive regard and empathy from the counselor.

I feel the hindering of treatment would be from the lack of positive regard and empathy towards certain clients, like a sex offender or any other patient that can be difficult to handle. The difficulty can lead to personal bias, frustration, and annoyance. If someone is feeling empathy but not positive self regard in the sense that their feelings and motives aren’t genuine the client will feel that. If the relationship is rocky in anyway then the progress wont be there. If I personally had a sex offender as a client, from personal issues of my own, it would be difficult to have empathy for that patient. I would have to excuse myself from treatment and find another therapist to assist them.

Feist, J., & Feist, G. (2008). Theories of Personality, 7th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://digitalbookshelf.argosy.edu/books/007-7376714/id/pg323